February 29 in History

Odo wasn't supposed to be king. He was a count, not a Carolingian. But when Vikings besieged Paris in 885, he held the city for eleven months while Emperor Charles the Fat did nothing. Charles sent no troops, no supplies, just a bribe to make the Vikings leave. Three years later, the nobles deposed Charles and chose Odo instead. A military hero over a legitimate bloodline. The archbishop crowned him at Compiègne on this day in 888. It didn't stick—Carolingians would reclaim the throne after his death. But the precedent was set: competence could beat birthright. France wouldn't forget that.

The raid failed because someone found the orders on a corpse. Colonel Ulric Dahlgren led 500 cavalry toward Richmond to free prisoners at Belle Isle and Libby Prison. Confederate Home Guard killed him in an ambush. They searched his body and discovered papers ordering his men to burn Richmond and kill Jefferson Davis. The Confederacy published the documents. The Union called them forgeries. Dahlgren's father, a Union admiral, demanded the body back. The Confederates had already buried it in an unmarked grave. They dug it up anyway and sent it north. The controversy over those papers—whether they were real orders to assassinate a head of state—outlasted the war itself.

The State Normal and Industrial School for Women opened with 209 students and fifteen faculty members. Virginia needed teachers. Women could be trained cheaply. The school would prepare them to teach in rural counties for $25 a month. The legislature allocated $50,000 to build it. They picked Harrisonburg because the town donated the land and raised an additional $10,000. Classes started in a single building. No dormitories yet — students boarded with local families. The school became Madison College in 1938, then James Madison University in 1977. Today it enrolls 22,000 students. Started as a training program for underpaid rural teachers. Now it's a research university.

South Carolina's mills ran on children. In 1900, one in four textile workers was under 16. Some started at age 7. Mill owners fought the 1916 law hard — they'd lose cheap labor. The new minimum? Fourteen. And only in factories. Farms didn't count. Neither did domestic work. So thousands of Black children kept working anyway, outside the law's reach. The exemptions weren't accidental.

William Murray showed up to his TIME magazine cover shoot wearing a ten-gallon hat and boots. The Oklahoma governor had just announced his presidential run. His nickname came from his obsession with alfalfa — he believed the crop could solve the Depression. He wanted to make it the national plant. He'd already pushed a law requiring Oklahoma restaurants to serve it. At the Democratic Convention, he gave a nominating speech for himself. He got 23 votes. FDR got 1,148. Murray went back to Oklahoma and kept promoting alfalfa. Sometimes the most confident candidates are the least electable.

Lawrence got his Nobel Prize at a campus ceremony in Berkeley. Sweden's Consul General drove up from San Francisco to hand it over. The war made Stockholm impossible. He'd won for inventing the cyclotron — a machine that spun particles in circles using magnets, accelerating them to incredible speeds. It was eleven inches across when he built the first one in 1930. By 1939, his version was sixty inches and weighed two hundred tons. He used it to make radioactive isotopes for cancer treatment. Then the Manhattan Project needed it.

MacArthur invaded the Admiralty Islands with 1,000 men when intelligence said 4,000 Japanese troops were dug in. His own staff called it reckless. He went anyway, landing at Los Negros on February 29, 1944. The Japanese counterattacked for three days straight. MacArthur's forces held by 30 yards at one point. But the islands gave him what he needed: Seeadler Harbor, one of the best deepwater anchorages in the Pacific. From there, he could bypass 50,000 Japanese troops to the east and cut off their supply lines. He'd leapfrogged an entire army without fighting it. The Japanese he skipped stayed trapped on their islands until the war ended.

The Agadir earthquake lasted 15 seconds. It killed a third of the city's population. Most died in their beds — the quake hit at 11:47 PM, when the city was asleep. The old kasbah fortress, built in 1540, collapsed completely. King Mohammed V ordered the entire city rebuilt three miles south. The original site became a memorial. Morocco had no building codes before this. After, they did.