November 23 in History

Perkin Warbeck, who had claimed to be the lost prince Richard of York and invaded England twice with foreign backing, was hanged after allegedly attempting to escape the Tower of London. His execution eliminated the last serious Yorkist pretender to Henry VII's throne and ended a decade of dynastic conspiracy that had threatened to reignite the Wars of the Roses.

Perkin Warbeck hangs at Tyburn alongside supporter John Atwater after failing to escape the Tower of London. This brutal execution extinguishes the last serious Yorkist challenge to Henry VII, securing the Tudor dynasty against further pretenders for decades.

Gelati Monastery had stood for over 400 years. Then Ottoman forces reached Kutaisi, and it burned. The campaign wasn't about Georgia alone — it was Selim I flexing imperial muscle westward, testing how far the empire's reach could stretch into the Caucasus. Kutaisi fell. But Gelati survived enough to matter. Monks rebuilt. The monastery still stands in western Georgia today, a UNESCO site. What the Ottomans called a sack, Georgians turned into a story of endurance they never stopped telling.

Three men. One accidental shot. A hanging that backfired spectacularly. William Allen, Michael Larkin, and Michael O'Brien didn't plan to kill Sergeant Charles Brett — a single bullet fired through a van's lock struck him instead. But British authorities needed a statement. They hanged all three publicly outside Salford Gaol in November, watched by 10,000 people. The executions didn't crush Irish nationalism. They supercharged it. "God Save Ireland" became an unofficial anthem overnight. The martyrs Britain created that morning did more for the cause than the rescue ever could've.

Louis Glass didn't invent music. He just stuck a nickel slot on an Edison phonograph and bolted it to a counter. That was it. No dance floor, no neon lights — just a scratchy cylinder playing one song per coin at the Palais Royale Saloon. Four listeners could share it through separate listening tubes. That night, the machine earned $1,000 in its first month. And every playlist you've ever shuffled traces back to that single, gloriously simple act of coin meeting slot.

Thousands of armed soldiers flooding a mining town — not for war, but to crush workers demanding an eight-hour day. Governor James Peabody didn't hesitate. He deployed the Colorado National Guard to Cripple Creek in 1903, declaring a state of insurrection where none legally existed. Mine owners essentially bankrolled the operation. Hundreds of miners got arrested, deported, blacklisted. The Western Federation of Miners never recovered in Colorado. But here's the twist — the brutality didn't silence labor. It radicalized it, helping birth the Industrial Workers of the World just two years later.

Seven months. That's how long U.S. troops occupied a foreign city over a salute. A botched one. American sailors detained in Tampico hadn't been honored with the proper 21-gun acknowledgment after their release, and President Wilson turned it into a full naval invasion of Veracruz. Nineteen Americans died. Hundreds of Mexicans died. And when the troops finally withdrew in November 1914, nothing was resolved — Huerta was already gone. The occupation didn't end the Revolution. It just gave every Mexican faction something they finally agreed on: hating the Americans.

Grant nearly didn't make it. Plagued by business failures and personal tragedy — he'd lost two wives — he'd spent decades doubting his own worthiness for church leadership. But succession in the LDS Church doesn't involve elections or campaigns. It goes automatically to the longest-serving apostle. So Grant stepped in, leading over 495,000 members through Prohibition, the Great Depression, and two world wars. He'd hold the position for 27 years. The man who questioned himself most became the longest-serving president of his era.