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April 29

LA Riots Erupt: Rodney King Verdict Sparks 6 Days of Chaos (1992). Easter Rising Ends: Irish Rebels Surrender After 6 Days (1916). Notable births include Hirohito (1901), Willie Nelson (1933), Samuel Turell Armstrong (1784).

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LA Riots Erupt: Rodney King Verdict Sparks 6 Days of Chaos
1992Event

LA Riots Erupt: Rodney King Verdict Sparks 6 Days of Chaos

The acquittal of four LAPD officers for the brutal beating of Rodney King ignited three days of violent unrest that claimed 53 lives and leveled hundreds of buildings across Los Angeles. This explosion of anger forced a national reckoning with systemic police brutality, directly catalyzing the passage of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act in 1994.

Easter Rising Ends: Irish Rebels Surrender After 6 Days
1916

Easter Rising Ends: Irish Rebels Surrender After 6 Days

Irish nationalists surrender their positions in Dublin, ending the Easter Rising and triggering martial law's immediate collapse across the island. This decisive defeat galvanizes public opinion against British rule, transforming former rebels into martyrs who fuel the momentum for full independence within three years.

Chemical Weapons Convention Takes Effect: The World Bans Poison Gas
1997

Chemical Weapons Convention Takes Effect: The World Bans Poison Gas

The Chemical Weapons Convention officially entered into force in 1997, immediately outlawing the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons for all signatories. This agreement transformed a global norm by creating a binding legal framework that dismantled existing arsenals and established rigorous verification protocols to prevent future proliferation.

New Orleans Falls to the Union: Farragut Takes the South's Biggest City
1862

New Orleans Falls to the Union: Farragut Takes the South's Biggest City

Admiral David Farragut's Union fleet smashes through Confederate defenses and captures New Orleans, the Confederacy's largest port and primary trade hub. This decisive blow severs the South's economic lifeline and grants the North control of the Mississippi River, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two.

Joan of Arc Arrives at Orleans: The Maid Lifts the Siege
1429

Joan of Arc Arrives at Orleans: The Maid Lifts the Siege

Joan of Arc entered the besieged city of Orleans at nightfall, greeted by crowds who saw in her the fulfillment of prophecies about an armored maiden who would save France. Her arrival electrified the demoralized garrison, and within nine days she would drive the English from their siege fortifications, reversing the course of the Hundred Years' War.

Quote of the Day

“There are two kinds of worries -- those you can do something about and those you can't. Don't spend any time on the latter.”

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Born on April 29

Portrait of Mike Bryan
Mike Bryan 1978

A toddler in San Diego didn't just drop a racket; he accidentally knocked over his brother's trophy, sparking a…

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lifelong rivalry that never faded. Mike and Bob Bryan spent more hours glued to tennis courts than any siblings ever should have. That chaotic start forged the most dominant doubles team in history. They left behind 16 Grand Slam titles and a trophy case full of gold.

Portrait of Master P
Master P 1967

Percy Miller, better known as Master P, revolutionized the music industry by pioneering the independent distribution…

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model for hip-hop through his No Limit Records. By retaining full ownership of his masters and bypassing traditional label gatekeepers, he built a multi-million dollar empire that redefined how artists monetize their creative output and control their own careers.

Portrait of Klaus Voormann
Klaus Voormann 1938

Klaus Voormann bridged the gap between the Hamburg club scene and the global stage, anchoring the Plastic Ono Band and…

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playing bass for John Lennon’s solo work. His artistic influence extends beyond the fretboard; he designed the stark, Grammy-winning cover for The Beatles' Revolver, defining the visual aesthetic of the psychedelic era.

Portrait of Willie Nelson

Born in Abbott, Texas, Willie Nelson broke free from Nashville's polished production to pioneer the outlaw country…

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movement with raw, jazz-inflected vocals and his battered nylon-string guitar, Trigger. His crossover album "Red Headed Stranger" proved that country music could thrive outside the studio system, while Farm Aid concerts raised over $60 million for struggling American farmers.

Portrait of Hirohito

Hirohito became Emperor of Japan at 25 and presided over the conquest of Manchuria, the invasion of China, Pearl…

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Harbor, and the atomic bombings — all while the official line was that he was a constitutional monarch with no real power. Historians still argue how much power he actually had. What's documented: he made the radio address in 1945 telling Japan to surrender, the first time most Japanese had ever heard his voice. Born April 29, 1901, in Tokyo.

Portrait of Harold Urey
Harold Urey 1893

In a tiny bedroom in Walkerton, Indiana, a boy named Harold Urey didn't just breathe air; he started hunting for invisible twins inside it.

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He spent decades chasing hydrogen isotopes through boiling liquids, risking his sanity and health to prove that water could be heavier than it looked. That obsession led him to discover deuterium, the heavy hydrogen that powered the atomic bombs ending World War II. Today, every time you drink a glass of tap water, you're holding a tiny fraction of his discovery.

Portrait of William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst 1863

He arrived in San Francisco as a child, but his future empire began with a single, impossible promise: to print a…

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newspaper every morning before the sun rose. That wasn't just ambition; it was a gamble that would cost him his father's fortune and nearly his sanity. He didn't just build a media giant; he built a machine that printed 300 million papers a year by 1925. Today, when you see a headline designed to make your stomach drop, you're seeing the ghost of that boy who bet everything on a morning paper.

Died on April 29

Portrait of Dan Walker
Dan Walker 2015

In 1978, he pushed through a massive property tax relief package that saved thousands of homeowners from foreclosure.

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But behind those numbers were real families breathing easier for the first time in years. Walker died at 93 in Springfield, leaving behind a state where affordable housing debates still echo his logic today. That specific relief act remains the benchmark every Illinois governor tries to beat.

Portrait of Jean Nidetch
Jean Nidetch 2015

In 1963, Jean Nidetch invited six neighbors into her Queens apartment to share their struggles with scale numbers.

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They didn't just diet; they cried over cookies and promised to try again tomorrow. When she passed in 2015 at age 92, the organization she built had helped millions find community instead of isolation. Today, that same living room spirit lives on in local meetings where people say "I'm not alone" before they step on a scale.

Portrait of Albert Hofmann
Albert Hofmann 2008

In 2008, Albert Hofmann died at 102 in his Basel home, long after accidentally dosing himself with just five milligrams…

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of a clear compound he'd synthesized decades earlier. He spent his final years watching that tiny molecule reshape human consciousness, not as a villain, but as the man who opened a door he never intended to walk through alone. He left behind a library of notes and a world where the boundary between mind and matter feels permanently blurred.

Portrait of John Kenneth Galbraith
John Kenneth Galbraith 2006

He once traded a million-dollar paycheck to live in an Indian village hut, earning just $1 a year as Ambassador.

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But he didn't leave empty-handed; he took home stories of rural poverty that shattered Washington's complacent assumptions. He passed away in 2006, leaving behind not just books, but a specific blueprint for how to see the poor as people, not statistics.

Portrait of Mick Ronson
Mick Ronson 1993

Mick Ronson defined the glam rock sound, crafting the searing, melodic guitar lines that propelled David Bowie’s Ziggy…

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Stardust era to international fame. Beyond his work with the Spiders from Mars, his production and arrangement skills shaped the raw energy of Mott the Hoople and Lou Reed. He died of liver cancer in 1993, leaving behind a blueprint for the modern rock guitar hero.

Portrait of Harold Bride
Harold Bride 1956

He spent his final days in obscurity, yet he'd been the only man to answer the Titanic's distress calls with "I am working as fast as I can.

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" Harold Bride, an English soldier and operator, died in 1956 after surviving that frozen night. His story wasn't about heroism; it was about a broken telegraph key left behind on the deck of a sinking ship. He left us the exact words he typed while the world drowned around him.

Portrait of William H. Seward
William H. Seward 1920

General William H.

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Seward Jr. died, ending a life defined by his distinguished command of the 9th New York Heavy Artillery during the Civil War. His leadership at the Battle of Monocacy helped delay Confederate forces, buying the Union army essential time to reinforce the defenses of Washington, D.C. and prevent a potential capital collapse.

Portrait of Charles Cornwallis
Charles Cornwallis 1698

He died in 1698, leaving Suffolk without its steady hand just as the Glorious Revolution's dust was settling.

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The third Baron Cornwallis, who'd served the Crown with quiet grit for decades, passed away at his estate in Brome Hall. No grand armies marched for him, no parliament debated his loss. Just a family grieving a man who managed lands and laws without fanfare. He left behind a specific, tangible legacy: the stewardship of Suffolk's local governance, ensuring stability where chaos could have easily taken root.

Holidays & observances

Bahá'ís worldwide observe the ninth day of Ridván, commemorating the moment Bahá'u'lláh’s family joined him in the Ga…

Bahá'ís worldwide observe the ninth day of Ridván, commemorating the moment Bahá'u'lláh’s family joined him in the Garden of Ridván in 1863. This festival celebrates the declaration of his prophetic mission, serving as the most holy period in the Bahá'í calendar and emphasizing the unity of humanity through communal prayer and reflection.

A man named Peter of Verona didn't die in a quiet chapel; he was hacked to death by two hired killers near Bergamo in…

A man named Peter of Verona didn't die in a quiet chapel; he was hacked to death by two hired killers near Bergamo in 1252 while walking home from a trial. The attackers left his body half-buried in the dirt, yet a local woman found him clutching his own severed hand which still held a scrap of paper with "Christ" written on it. That bloody note convinced one of his killers to join the Dominican Order immediately. He became a friar who spent his life writing sermons about mercy instead of violence. Now we know that a man's last words can outlive his body, turning a brutal murder into an enduring lesson in forgiveness.

He once ate a single meal of stale bread for three days straight, just to prove he could starve without complaining.

He once ate a single meal of stale bread for three days straight, just to prove he could starve without complaining. Hugh of Cluny didn't build one monastery; he forged a chain of forty-five monasteries across Europe that all answered to him alone. Monks who joined his order had to swear absolute obedience, leaving their families and old lives behind forever. People still sing the chants he standardized in cathedral choirs today. He taught the world that humility was stronger than power.

A man named Maximilian Kolbe stepped forward in Auschwitz to take the place of a stranger, a father of eight, who had…

A man named Maximilian Kolbe stepped forward in Auschwitz to take the place of a stranger, a father of eight, who had been sentenced to die by starvation. The camp commander didn't hesitate; he locked them both in a dark bunker and left them without food or water. Two weeks later, only one survived, but that man's life was forever altered by the sacrifice of a total stranger who died instead. Now, when you hear about the horrors of the Holocaust, remember that even in the deepest darkness, one person can choose to give their life for another.

April 29th didn't start as a holiday; it began as Emperor Hirohito's birthday, the man who'd surrender the throne's d…

April 29th didn't start as a holiday; it began as Emperor Hirohito's birthday, the man who'd surrender the throne's divine status just three years later. By 1927, Tokyo families were already packing suitcases for the first of what became seven consecutive days of rest, a stretch that now drives billions in tourism revenue. But here's the twist: the government didn't create "Golden Week" to celebrate peace; they stitched dates together to boost domestic spending after the Great Depression crushed everything else. You'll probably hear this at dinner: Japan's biggest economic engine isn't tech or cars, it's a week-long nap invented by politicians trying to keep people from going broke.

Romans celebrated the second day of the Floralia by releasing hares and goats into the Circus Maximus, a ritual inten…

Romans celebrated the second day of the Floralia by releasing hares and goats into the Circus Maximus, a ritual intended to ensure the fertility of the coming harvest. This festival honored Flora, the goddess of flowers and spring, transforming the city into a vibrant display of blossoms that signaled the official start of the growing season.

A single man walked out of a crowded abbey with only twelve others, leaving behind silk robes for rough wool and a qu…

A single man walked out of a crowded abbey with only twelve others, leaving behind silk robes for rough wool and a quiet vow: no more gold. They didn't just leave; they carved a new path through the forest of Cîteaux to build stone cells where silence was louder than bells. This wasn't about being holier; it was about starving the ego so the soul could breathe. Today, when monks in white still chant under grey skies, that moment of walking away remains the most radical act of simplicity Europe has ever seen.

They didn't burn her for being a witch, but because she refused to stop singing hymns in Cornish while Roman soldiers…

They didn't burn her for being a witch, but because she refused to stop singing hymns in Cornish while Roman soldiers demanded silence. Endelienta's feast marks that specific Tuesday in year zero when a village chose defiance over obedience. For hours, they hid her voice behind the church walls until the sun set on their small rebellion. Now, we still gather there, not to pray for saints, but to remember how one woman's stubborn throat taught a whole town that faith sounds louder than fear.

Potters and collectors descend upon Arita, Japan, each April 29 to browse the world’s largest ceramics market.

Potters and collectors descend upon Arita, Japan, each April 29 to browse the world’s largest ceramics market. This annual fair transforms the small town into a bustling hub for Imari ware, sustaining a four-century tradition of porcelain production that first introduced Japanese craftsmanship to global trade routes during the Edo period.

Japan observes Shōwa Day to reflect on the turbulent era of Emperor Hirohito’s reign, which spanned from 1926 to 1989.

Japan observes Shōwa Day to reflect on the turbulent era of Emperor Hirohito’s reign, which spanned from 1926 to 1989. By anchoring the start of the annual Golden Week holiday, the day encourages citizens to contemplate the country's recovery from wartime devastation and its subsequent transformation into a global economic power.

April 27, 1997, didn't start with a bang.

April 27, 1997, didn't start with a bang. It started with 80 nations signing away nerve agents like gas station receipts. They burned piles of sarin and mustard in incinerators that smelled like burning hair and regret. Thousands died silently from the lingering poison of those old stockpiles. Now, every year, we light candles for people who never got to speak their last words. It's a promise to keep the labs quiet forever. And that's why we still hold our breath when we hear about chemical weapons today.

Imagine trying to fill a room full of bored teenagers with just one word: dance.

Imagine trying to fill a room full of bored teenagers with just one word: dance. That's exactly what the International Dance Institute did in 1982, launching this day to prove movement heals more than words ever could. They didn't pick a fancy date; they chose April 29th, the birthday of Jean-Georges Noverre, who revolutionized ballet by demanding actors feel real emotion instead of just posing. Now, millions gather from Tokyo to Buenos Aires, not for perfection, but for the messy, beautiful act of being together in motion. Dance isn't just performance; it's the only language where silence speaks louder than any speech ever could.

A young monk named Theophylact of Ohrid stared at a burning church in Bulgaria, his heart breaking as smoke choked th…

A young monk named Theophylact of Ohrid stared at a burning church in Bulgaria, his heart breaking as smoke choked the sky. He couldn't stop the Ottomans, but he refused to let their language die. So he wrote a letter in Greek that translated every Orthodox prayer into Bulgarian. That single act kept a nation's soul alive under foreign boots for centuries. Now when you hear someone speak with that specific rhythm, remember it was a monk who fought a war with words instead of swords.

They dragged him to a hill in Pisa and nailed him to an oak tree, not for stealing or killing, but simply because he …

They dragged him to a hill in Pisa and nailed him to an oak tree, not for stealing or killing, but simply because he refused to bow to a god who demanded blood. Centuries later, his body vanished from the grave, leaving only a stone slab where pilgrims still weep for a man who died screaming into the dust. Now, every time you see that statue in the square with a lion by its side, remember: it wasn't the miracle that saved him, but the sheer stubbornness of a man who'd rather die than lie.

The Netherlands celebrates Queen’s Day on April 29 whenever the traditional April 30 date falls on a Sunday.

The Netherlands celebrates Queen’s Day on April 29 whenever the traditional April 30 date falls on a Sunday. This adjustment ensures the national holiday remains a public workday for festivities, preventing the celebration from conflicting with Sunday church services and maintaining the tradition of open-air markets and orange-clad street parties across the country.

She dragged her starving body through a plague-ravaged Rome to beg a Pope for a crusade, even as he slept in his palace.

She dragged her starving body through a plague-ravaged Rome to beg a Pope for a crusade, even as he slept in his palace. Catherine ignored the dead bodies piling up outside and convinced men to stop fighting each other long enough to march east. Her letters alone filled three massive volumes that still sit on desks today. She didn't just talk about peace; she forced leaders to sign it or face her wrath. That stubborn woman proved one thing: a single voice can shake the foundations of empires if you're brave enough to speak first.

A monk named Robert died in 1111, but he didn't die in a bed.

A monk named Robert died in 1111, but he didn't die in a bed. He starved himself to death at Cluny Abbey because he refused to eat meat for Lent. His superiors begged him to stop, yet he held his ground until his ribs showed through skin. That stubborn hunger sparked a fierce debate about fasting rules that rippled through the church for decades. Now, we know piety isn't just about feeling holy; sometimes it's about the terrifying cost of being right.

Catholics, Lutherans, and Anglicans honor Catherine of Siena today, a 14th-century mystic who famously pressured the …

Catholics, Lutherans, and Anglicans honor Catherine of Siena today, a 14th-century mystic who famously pressured the papacy to return to Rome from Avignon. Her relentless diplomacy and theological writings earned her the rare title of Doctor of the Church, cementing her influence as one of the most formidable intellectual voices in medieval Christianity.

He didn't just walk; he marched through a frozen river in Northumbria to force a stubborn bishop's hand.

He didn't just walk; he marched through a frozen river in Northumbria to force a stubborn bishop's hand. Wilfred the Younger, wearing nothing but a rough tunic, stood ankle-deep in ice for hours until the council agreed to his terms. That cold shock ended decades of church division and forced a unified Easter date across England. People still argue about the math today, but they forget the shivering man who froze himself into unity. You'll never look at a calendar the same way again.

Basile d'Ostrog († 1671), métropolite serbe.

Basile d'Ostrog († 1671), métropolite serbe.

Christian feast day: Robert of Molesme

Christian feast day: Robert of Molesme

Segondel et ses variantes : Second, Secondel, Sekondel, etc.

Segondel et ses variantes : Second, Secondel, Sekondel, etc.

Robert de Bruges († 1157), abbé de l'abbaye de Notre-Dame des Dunes.

Robert de Bruges († 1157), abbé de l'abbaye de Notre-Dame des Dunes.

Itala Mela († 1957), bienheureuse oblate bénédictine italienne et mystique.

Itala Mela († 1957), bienheureuse oblate bénédictine italienne et mystique.

Hanna Chrzanowska († 1973), bienheureuse oblate polonaise.

Hanna Chrzanowska († 1973), bienheureuse oblate polonaise.

Antoine Kim Song-u (it) († 1841), laïc catéchiste coréen martyr à Séoul.

Antoine Kim Song-u (it) († 1841), laïc catéchiste coréen martyr à Séoul.

Achard de Saint-Victor († 1172), bienheureux évêque d’Avranches.

Achard de Saint-Victor († 1172), bienheureux évêque d’Avranches.

Ursion († 375), abbé et Maurèle, religieux au monastère d’Isle-Aumont.

Ursion († 375), abbé et Maurèle, religieux au monastère d’Isle-Aumont.

Tropez de Pise († Ier siècle), martyr à Pise.

Tropez de Pise († Ier siècle), martyr à Pise.

Sévère de Naples (it) († 409), 13e évêque de Naples.

Sévère de Naples (it) († 409), 13e évêque de Naples.

Libère de Ravenne († 206), 9e évêque de Ravenne.

Libère de Ravenne († 206), 9e évêque de Ravenne.

Endelienta (en) († Ve siècle), ermite près de St Endellion.

Endelienta (en) († Ve siècle), ermite près de St Endellion.

Día Internacional de la Inmunología.Con la finalidad de divulgar la importancia de la inmunología como ciencia, así c…

Día Internacional de la Inmunología.Con la finalidad de divulgar la importancia de la inmunología como ciencia, así como sensibilizar a la población acerca del impacto de esta disciplina científica en la erradicación de infecciones, el cáncer y enfermedades autoinmunes.

Aniversário do município de Campos do Jordão, em São Paulo

Aniversário do município de Campos do Jordão, em São Paulo

Aniversário do município de Guaratuba, no Paraná

Aniversário do município de Guaratuba, no Paraná

Aniversário dos municípios de Ipatinga, João Monlevade e Timóteo, em Minas Gerais

Aniversário dos municípios de Ipatinga, João Monlevade e Timóteo, em Minas Gerais

Aniversário dos municípios de Alcantil, Algodão de Jandaíra, Amparo, Areia de Baraúnas, Assunção, Barra de Santana, B…

Aniversário dos municípios de Alcantil, Algodão de Jandaíra, Amparo, Areia de Baraúnas, Assunção, Barra de Santana, Baraúna, Boa Vista, Cacimbas, Cajazeirinhas, Casserengue, Caturité, Damião, Gado Bravo, Logradouro, Parari, Pedro Régis, Poço Dantas, Riachão, Riachão do Bacamarte, Riacho de Santo Antônio, Santa Inês, São Bentinho, Santo André, São Bento São Domingos, São José de Princesa, São José do Brejo do Cruz, São José dos Ramos, Sertãozinho, Sobrado, Tenório, Vieirópolis e Zabelê, na Paraíba

Aniversário dos municípios de Buriti dos Montes, Coivaras e Lagoa Alegre, no Piauí

Aniversário dos municípios de Buriti dos Montes, Coivaras e Lagoa Alegre, no Piauí

Aniversário do município de São Vendelino e São Sepé, no Rio Grande do Sul

Aniversário do município de São Vendelino e São Sepé, no Rio Grande do Sul

Sosípatro de Icônio

Sosípatro de Icônio

Cher († 249), évêque et martyr à Atina.

Cher († 249), évêque et martyr à Atina.

Cercyre († 100), vierge et martyre à Corcyre.

Cercyre († 100), vierge et martyre à Corcyre.

Agape et Secondin († 259), évêques et leurs compagnons martyrs à Cirta.

Agape et Secondin († 259), évêques et leurs compagnons martyrs à Cirta.

Traditions "agricoles" pré-chrétiennes puis christianisme catholique, anglican voire orthodoxe : date possible du tro…

Traditions "agricoles" pré-chrétiennes puis christianisme catholique, anglican voire orthodoxe : date possible du troisième et dernier, deuxième ou premier jour des Rogations ci-après.

Journée du souvenir dédiée à toutes les victimes de la guerre chimique.

Journée du souvenir dédiée à toutes les victimes de la guerre chimique.

San Facundo de Olavarría.

San Facundo de Olavarría.

España España: Teruel, Jorcas: fiestas en honor de San Pedro Mártir.

España España: Teruel, Jorcas: fiestas en honor de San Pedro Mártir.

Sienne et sa variante Syéna.

Sienne et sa variante Syéna.

Aux Tropez,

Aux Tropez,

Tychique.

Tychique.

Dia Mundial dos Fanzines

Dia Mundial dos Fanzines

Día Mundial de las Galletas de Avena.

Día Mundial de las Galletas de Avena.

Argentina Argentina: Día del Animal.En recuerdo del fallecimiento en 1926 del que fuera presidente de la Sociedad Pro…

Argentina Argentina: Día del Animal.En recuerdo del fallecimiento en 1926 del que fuera presidente de la Sociedad Protectora de Animales, el doctor Ignacio Lucas Albarracín. Misiones: Aniversario de la Federación Misionera de Automovilismo Deportivo (FeMAD).Fundación: 29 de abril de 1977 (48 años).

Colombia Colombia: Día del Árbol.

Colombia Colombia: Día del Árbol.

Perú Perú: Día del Vendedor.

Perú Perú: Día del Vendedor.

Unión Europea Unión Europea: Día Europeo de la Solidaridad y Cooperación entre Generaciones.

Unión Europea Unión Europea: Día Europeo de la Solidaridad y Cooperación entre Generaciones.

Namenstage Katharina, Roswitha

Namenstage Katharina, Roswitha

Imperio Romano: segundo día de las Floralias en honor a la diosa Flora.

Imperio Romano: segundo día de las Floralias en honor a la diosa Flora.

San Acardo de Avranches.

San Acardo de Avranches.

San Antonio Kim Song-u.

San Antonio Kim Song-u.

San Severo de Nápoles.

San Severo de Nápoles.

Santa Tertulia, virgen y mártir.

Santa Tertulia, virgen y mártir.

San Tíquico.

San Tíquico.

San Torpetes.

San Torpetes.

San Wilfredo el Joven.

San Wilfredo el Joven.

San Pedro de Verona.

San Pedro de Verona.

San Gastón de Arrás.

San Gastón de Arrás.

Ava et ses variantes : Avah, Avalee, Avelange, Avelenge, Aveline, Ave, Avelaine, Avis, Aviva, Avlynn, etc.

Ava et ses variantes : Avah, Avalee, Avelange, Avelenge, Aveline, Ave, Avelaine, Avis, Aviva, Avlynn, etc.

Stanko de Nikchitch († 1712), martyr.

Stanko de Nikchitch († 1712), martyr.

Jean de Kaloktène († XIIe siècle), métropolite.

Jean de Kaloktène († XIIe siècle), métropolite.